New Zealand Climate – Sep 2026September 2026 Update

Novarupta (Katmai) eruption

The largest volcanic eruption anywhere in the world in the 20th century - 13 km3 of magma, about thirty times the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption - at Novarupta in Alaska on 6-8 June 1912. Ash reached 100,000 ft and cooled the Northern Hemisphere by roughly 0.3°C over 1912-13. Unlike a tropical eruption such as Pinatubo, a high-latitude eruption's haze stays in its own hemisphere, so it did little to the Southern Hemisphere.

Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, Alaska Volcano Observatory, National Park Service, Oman et al. 2005

Post-WWII industrial expansion begins

After the Second World War, coal and oil use grew rapidly across Europe, North America and the Soviet Union. Global sulphur dioxide emissions rose from about 30 to about 130 million tonnes a year by 1980, and the sulphate haze they formed masked part of the greenhouse warming underneath - the effect known as 'global dimming'.

Klimont et al. 2013

How much ENSO really controls New Zealand's climate

ENSO matters in New Zealand, most of all in October-December: the El Niño-La Niña cycle explains about 20% of the year-to-year swing in New Zealand's October-December temperatures, with El Niño years tending cooler and La Niña years warmer. That puts New Zealand among the 88 countries in this site's data where ENSO's influence is strong enough to be worth reporting.

NOAA CPC

The 1955-56 La Niña

New Zealand's temperatures for October-December 1955 ran +0.4°C against the 1961-90 average - the warm October-December that La Niña usually brings here.

ONI -1.6°C · RONI -1.4°C

NOAA CPCENSO Tracker

Keeling Curve begins

Charles David Keeling begins continuous measurements of atmospheric CO₂ at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, starting at about 315 ppm. The record has risen every year since and is now the longest unbroken direct measurement of CO₂ anywhere - the 'Keeling Curve'.

NOAA GMLGreenhouse Gases

Agung eruption

Agung's eruption in Bali put a veil of sulphate haze into the stratosphere that cooled global temperature by about 0.3°C over 1963-66.

Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory

The Wahine storm, 1968

On 10 April 1968 Cyclone Giselle met a southerly storm over Wellington, bringing the strongest winds ever recorded in the city. The inter-island ferry Wahine was driven onto a reef at the harbour entrance and capsized; 53 people died, New Zealand's worst modern maritime disaster.

New Zealand Geographic, Christchurch City Libraries

The 1973-74 La Niña

New Zealand's temperatures for October-December 1973 ran +0.6°C against the 1961-90 average - the warm October-December that La Niña usually brings here.

ONI -2.0°C · RONI -1.9°C

NOAA CPCENSO Tracker

The 1975-76 La Niña

New Zealand's temperatures for October-December 1975 ran -0.7°C against the 1961-90 average - the opposite of the warm October-December La Niña usually brings here.

ONI -1.6°C · RONI -1.1°C

NOAA CPCENSO Tracker

Pacific Decadal Oscillation flips to a warm phase

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation - a slow natural cycle in North Pacific sea temperatures - switches from its cool to its warm phase in 1976-77. The change was abrupt enough to be called the 1976-77 Pacific Climate Shift: it warmed Alaska and the west coast of North America, and reorganised North Pacific fisheries.

Learn more →

Global SO2 emissions peak

Global sulphur dioxide emissions peak at about 130 million tonnes a year, then begin a long decline as Europe, North America and Japan clean up their air. As the aerosol mask thins, the rate of global warming picks up through the 1980s.

Klimont et al. 2013

El Chichón eruption

A sulphur-rich eruption in Mexico whose aerosol cloud stayed in the stratosphere for more than two years, cooling the Northern Hemisphere by about 0.2°C.

Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program

1982-83 El Niño

New Zealand's temperatures for October-December 1982 ran -1.0°C against the 1961-90 average - the cool October-December that El Niño usually brings here. On NOAA's Relative Oceanic Niño Index this is the strongest El Niño since 1950.

ONI +2.1°C · RONI +2.4°C

NOAA CPC, NOAA CPC (2)ENSO Tracker

The Antarctic ozone hole is discovered

British Antarctic Survey scientists Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner and Jon Shanklin publish their Halley and Faraday measurements on 16 May 1985, showing October ozone over Antarctica had fallen to about two-thirds of earlier decades. The cause is traced to chlorofluorocarbons, and the finding triggers the fastest international environmental response on record.

Nature, UKRI

The Montreal Protocol

Signed in 1987 to phase out ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons, the Montreal Protocol turned out to be one of the most consequential climate treaties ever agreed. CFCs are potent greenhouse gases in their own right, and NOAA estimates the Protocol prevented up to 2°C of warming by 2100 - around 1°C from the emissions avoided, and up to 1°C more by sparing forests and other carbon sinks from increased ultraviolet radiation.

NOAA, Wikipedia

CO₂ crosses 350 ppm

Atmospheric CO₂ passes 350 ppm. In the same year James Hansen told a US Senate committee that global warming was already detectable, the moment it entered mainstream politics. Twenty years later, in 2008, Hansen proposed 350 ppm as the safe upper limit - a level the world had already left behind.

NOAA GMLGreenhouse Gases

The 1988-89 La Niña

New Zealand's temperatures for October-December 1988 ran +1.1°C against the 1961-90 average - the warm October-December that La Niña usually brings here.

ONI -1.9°C · RONI -1.9°C

NOAA CPCENSO Tracker

Cyclone Bola, 1988

In March 1988 the remains of Cyclone Bola sat over the east of the North Island for three days, dropping more than 900 mm of rain on the Gisborne ranges, with 514 mm in a single day. Floods and landslides stripped hill-country farms and cut off Gisborne; it remains one of New Zealand's most damaging storms.

NZ History, NIWA Historic Weather Events

Daytime warming catches up with the night-led pattern

Across 1961-90, 81% of the world's land saw nights warming faster than days. Across 1991-2020 the pattern reversed: 70% saw days warming faster, as the industrial haze that had been dimming daytime sunshine was cleaned up. The study compares two fixed thirty-year windows; measured as a turning point, this site's own global series turns around 1982.

Zhong et al. 2023

Mount Pinatubo erupts

Pinatubo's aerosol veil left a clear mark on New Zealand. 1992, the year after the June 1991 eruption, is New Zealand's 3rd-coldest year of the 76 in this site's 1950-2025 record and no year since has been colder. A single large eruption can hold temperatures down for two or three years; it cannot reverse the trend.

Learn more →

Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation flips to a warm phase

The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation - a slow natural cycle in North Atlantic sea temperatures, roughly 60-70 years long - flips to its warm phase in 1995. Warm phases are linked to more active Atlantic hurricane seasons, wetter summers in parts of north-west Europe and more frequent drought in the central and western United States.

Learn more →

1997-98 El Niño

New Zealand's temperatures for October-December 1997 ran -0.4°C against the 1961-90 average - the cool October-December that El Niño usually brings here. It is often treated as the textbook strong El Niño.

ONI +2.4°C · RONI +2.3°C

NOAA CPC, NOAA NCEIENSO Tracker

The 1999-2001 La Niña

New Zealand's temperatures for October-December 1999 ran +0.3°C against the 1961-90 average - the warm October-December that La Niña usually brings here.

ONI -1.5°C · RONI -1.6°C

NOAA CPC ONI

Pacific Decadal Oscillation flips back to a cool phase

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation - a slow natural cycle in North Pacific sea temperatures - flips back to its cool phase around 1998-99. The cool phase that followed is one reason global surface warming appeared to slow in the 2000s, as more heat went into the deep Pacific.

Learn more →

2009-10 El Niño

New Zealand's temperatures for October-December 2009 ran -0.7°C against the 1961-90 average - the cool October-December that El Niño usually brings here.

ONI +1.5°C · RONI +1.5°C

NOAA/IRI ENSO archiveENSO Tracker

Global heatwave days sharply accelerate

New Zealand's own heatwave days - days in warm spells well above the local norm - rose from a 1961-90 average of 2.6 a year to 14.0 in 2016-25 - 5 times as many. Worldwide, heatwave days have roughly doubled each decade since 2010, as the whole temperature distribution has shifted upwards.

Learn more →Heatwave Days

The 2010-2012 La Niña

New Zealand's temperatures for October-December 2010 ran +1.0°C against the 1961-90 average - the warm October-December that La Niña usually brings here.

ONI -1.6°C · RONI -1.6°C

NOAA CPC ONI

CO₂ crosses 400 ppm

Atmospheric CO₂ passes 400 ppm at Mauna Loa on 9 May 2013 - a level the planet had not seen for 3-5 million years, since the Pliocene, when sea levels were many metres higher.

NOAA GMLGreenhouse Gases

2015-16 El Niño

The strongest El Niño on record by raw ONI - though on NOAA's newer RONI index, which strips out background tropical-ocean warming, 1982-83 ranks slightly ahead instead. 2016 became the hottest year on record at that time (+1.0°C above pre-industrial).

ONI +2.6°C · RONI +2.3°C

NOAA CPCENSO Tracker

2015-2025: the eleven warmest years on record

Globally, the eleven warmest years on record have all happened since 2015. New Zealand tracks that closely - nine of its own eleven warmest fall in the same span, with only 2013 and 1998 outside. Its warmest year is 2022.

Learn more →

COVID-19 lockdowns - CO₂ emissions dip

Global fossil CO₂ emissions fell about 5.8% in 2020, from 37.0 to 34.8 billion tonnes, yet atmospheric CO₂ still rose 2.5 ppm - the dip barely registers in the atmospheric record. Emissions were back to pre-pandemic levels by 2022.

Le Quéré et al. 2020

Low-sulphur shipping fuel rule (IMO 2020)

New international shipping rules cut the sulphur allowed in ship fuel from 3.5% to 0.5% almost overnight, removing about 8 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide a year. With less sulphate haze over the oceans, it may have added around 0.1°C of warming by 2023-24.

Gettelman et al. 2024

The 2020-2023 'triple-dip' La Niña

New Zealand's temperatures for October-December 2020 ran +0.9°C against the 1961-90 average - the warm October-December that La Niña usually brings here.

ONI -1.1°C · RONI -1.5°C

WMO, WMO (2)ENSO Tracker

New Zealand's warm, wet 2022

2022 was New Zealand's warmest year on record - 13.76°C, 1.15°C above the 1981-2010 average in NIWA's series from 1909 - and its 8th most unusually wet since 1960. NIWA links it to the third year of La Niña, a record positive Southern Annular Mode (positive 76.2% of the year, the most since at least 1979), a negative Indian Ocean Dipole and coastal seas above average every month. Winter was the wettest and warmest on record, and an August atmospheric river flooded Nelson, bringing a state of emergency.

NIWA

2023-24 El Niño

New Zealand's temperatures for October-December 2023 ran +0.9°C against the 1961-90 average - the opposite of the cool October-December El Niño usually brings here. Globally it helped produce the record temperatures of 2023 and 2024.

ONI +2.0°C · RONI +1.4°C

NOAA CPCENSO Tracker

Cyclone Gabrielle and the Auckland floods, 2023

Two disasters in three weeks. On 27 January 2023 Auckland had its wettest day on record - 261 mm in 18 hours - and four people died. Then on 12-14 February Cyclone Gabrielle tore down the east coast of the North Island, killing 11 and prompting a national state of emergency.

FloodList, NPR