Germany Climate – Sep 2026September 2026 Update

Novarupta (Katmai) eruption

The largest volcanic eruption anywhere in the world in the 20th century - 13 km3 of magma, about thirty times the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption - at Novarupta in Alaska on 6-8 June 1912. Ash reached 100,000 ft and cooled the Northern Hemisphere by roughly 0.3°C over 1912-13. Unlike a tropical eruption such as Pinatubo, a high-latitude eruption's haze stays in its own hemisphere, so it did little to the Southern Hemisphere.

Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, Alaska Volcano Observatory, National Park Service, Oman et al. 2005

Post-WWII industrial expansion begins

After the Second World War, coal and oil use grew rapidly across Europe, North America and the Soviet Union. Global sulphur dioxide emissions rose from about 30 to about 130 million tonnes a year by 1980, and the sulphate haze they formed masked part of the greenhouse warming underneath - the effect known as 'global dimming'.

Klimont et al. 2013

The European cold wave of February 1956

1956 is Germany's coldest year in this site's 1950-2025 record. Much of that came from February, one of the coldest months on record across Europe, when a long-lasting blocking high steered polar air in for weeks and the Danube froze.

Wikipedia, The 1956 cold wave in Western Europe…

Keeling Curve begins

Charles David Keeling begins continuous measurements of atmospheric CO₂ at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, starting at about 315 ppm. The record has risen every year since and is now the longest unbroken direct measurement of CO₂ anywhere - the 'Keeling Curve'.

NOAA GMLGreenhouse Gases

Agung eruption

Agung's eruption in Bali put a veil of sulphate haze into the stratosphere that cooled global temperature by about 0.3°C over 1963-66.

Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory

Pacific Decadal Oscillation flips to a warm phase

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation - a slow natural cycle in North Pacific sea temperatures - switches from its cool to its warm phase in 1976-77. The change was abrupt enough to be called the 1976-77 Pacific Climate Shift: it warmed Alaska and the west coast of North America, and reorganised North Pacific fisheries.

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Global SO2 emissions peak

Global sulphur dioxide emissions peak at about 130 million tonnes a year, then begin a long decline as Europe, North America and Japan clean up their air. As the aerosol mask thins, the rate of global warming picks up through the 1980s.

Klimont et al. 2013

The winter of 1978-79

1979 is Germany's 11th-coldest year in this site's 1950-2025 record. The winter of 1978-79 was the coldest in north-west Europe since 1962-63, with a Baltic snowstorm around New Year 1979 that swept from Germany and Denmark to the Netherlands.

Wikipedia (NL), Notes from Poland

El Chichón eruption

A sulphur-rich eruption in Mexico whose aerosol cloud stayed in the stratosphere for more than two years, cooling the Northern Hemisphere by about 0.2°C.

Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program

1982-83 El Niño

The strongest El Niño since 1950 on NOAA's Relative Oceanic Niño Index, which strips out the background warming of the tropical oceans before ranking events. On the older index that leaves that warming in, 2015-16 comes out on top instead.

ONI +2.1°C · RONI +2.4°C

NOAA CPC, NOAA CPC (2)ENSO Tracker

The Antarctic ozone hole is discovered

British Antarctic Survey scientists Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner and Jon Shanklin publish their Halley and Faraday measurements on 16 May 1985, showing October ozone over Antarctica had fallen to about two-thirds of earlier decades. The cause is traced to chlorofluorocarbons, and the finding triggers the fastest international environmental response on record.

Nature, UKRI

The Montreal Protocol

Signed in 1987 to phase out ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons, the Montreal Protocol turned out to be one of the most consequential climate treaties ever agreed. CFCs are potent greenhouse gases in their own right, and NOAA estimates the Protocol prevented up to 2°C of warming by 2100 - around 1°C from the emissions avoided, and up to 1°C more by sparing forests and other carbon sinks from increased ultraviolet radiation.

NOAA, Wikipedia

CO₂ crosses 350 ppm

Atmospheric CO₂ passes 350 ppm. In the same year James Hansen told a US Senate committee that global warming was already detectable, the moment it entered mainstream politics. Twenty years later, in 2008, Hansen proposed 350 ppm as the safe upper limit - a level the world had already left behind.

NOAA GMLGreenhouse Gases

Daytime warming catches up with the night-led pattern

Across 1961-90, 81% of the world's land saw nights warming faster than days. Across 1991-2020 the pattern reversed: 70% saw days warming faster, as the industrial haze that had been dimming daytime sunshine was cleaned up. The study compares two fixed thirty-year windows; measured as a turning point, this site's own global series turns around 1982.

Zhong et al. 2023

Mount Pinatubo erupts

Pinatubo's cooling does not show in Germany's own record. 1992, the year after the June 1991 eruption, was warmer than most years there - the 24th-warmest of 76. A single large eruption can hold temperatures down for two or three years; it cannot reverse the trend.

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The central European heat of 1994

1994 is Germany's 13th-warmest year in this site's 1950-2025 record. From late June to early August 1994 a blocking high brought one of the hottest spells central Europe had known; in Austria 1994 was then the warmest year in a record going back to 1775.

NOAA CPC

Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation flips to a warm phase

The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation - a slow natural cycle in North Atlantic sea temperatures, roughly 60-70 years long - flips to its warm phase in 1995. Warm phases are linked to more active Atlantic hurricane seasons, wetter summers in parts of north-west Europe and more frequent drought in the central and western United States.

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The winter of 1995-96

1996 is Germany's 2nd-coldest year in this site's 1950-2025 record. The winter of 1995-96 ran 2-4°C below normal across northern Europe as northerly winds cut off the usual mild Atlantic air.

NOAA CPC

1997-98 El Niño

One of the strongest El Niños on record, and the one the textbook El Niño pattern is usually drawn from. It pushed 1998 to what was then the warmest year ever measured, and set off the first global-scale coral bleaching event.

ONI +2.4°C · RONI +2.3°C

NOAA CPC, NOAA NCEIENSO Tracker

Pacific Decadal Oscillation flips back to a cool phase

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation - a slow natural cycle in North Pacific sea temperatures - flips back to its cool phase around 1998-99. The cool phase that followed is one reason global surface warming appeared to slow in the 2000s, as more heat went into the deep Pacific.

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The Elbe floods of 2002

In August 2002 the Elbe at Dresden rose to 9.40 m, beating a record that had stood since 1845, and 30,000 people were evacuated from the city. Across central Europe the floods killed 232 people; Germany took the largest share of about €27.7 billion in damage.

Deutscher Wetterdienst, NASA Earth Observatory

The European heatwave of 2003

Summer 2003 was the warmest in Germany's recorded history at the time, averaging 19.6°C; Karlsruhe and Freiburg both reached 40.2°C in August, and about 9,500 people died of the heat. Across Europe the heat of summer 2003 killed more than 70,000 people.

Robine et al. 2008, Wikipedia

Global heatwave days sharply accelerate

Germany's own heatwave days - days in warm spells well above the local norm - rose from a 1961-90 average of 3.4 a year to 10.9 in 2016-25 - 3 times as many. Worldwide, heatwave days have roughly doubled each decade since 2010, as the whole temperature distribution has shifted upwards.

Learn more →Heatwave Days

Europe's cold winters of 2009-10 and 2010

2010 is Germany's 17th-coldest year in this site's 1950-2025 record. The winters of 2009-10 and 2010-11 brought heavy snow and record cold across much of Europe - December 2010 was Sweden's coldest in 110 years - as a strongly negative North Atlantic Oscillation let Arctic air spill south.

Wikipedia, Weather Underground

CO₂ crosses 400 ppm

Atmospheric CO₂ passes 400 ppm at Mauna Loa on 9 May 2013 - a level the planet had not seen for 3-5 million years, since the Pliocene, when sea levels were many metres higher.

NOAA GMLGreenhouse Gases

2015-16 El Niño

The strongest El Niño on record by raw ONI - though on NOAA's newer RONI index, which strips out background tropical-ocean warming, 1982-83 ranks slightly ahead instead. 2016 became the hottest year on record at that time (+1.0°C above pre-industrial).

ONI +2.6°C · RONI +2.3°C

NOAA CPCENSO Tracker

2015-2025: the eleven warmest years on record

Globally, the eleven warmest years on record have all happened since 2015. Germany follows it closely: eight of its own eleven warmest fall in that span, with 2014, 2007 and 2000 outside. Its warmest year is 2024.

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COVID-19 lockdowns - CO₂ emissions dip

Global fossil CO₂ emissions fell about 5.8% in 2020, from 37.0 to 34.8 billion tonnes, yet atmospheric CO₂ still rose 2.5 ppm - the dip barely registers in the atmospheric record. Emissions were back to pre-pandemic levels by 2022.

Le Quéré et al. 2020

Low-sulphur shipping fuel rule (IMO 2020)

New international shipping rules cut the sulphur allowed in ship fuel from 3.5% to 0.5% almost overnight, removing about 8 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide a year. With less sulphate haze over the oceans, it may have added around 0.1°C of warming by 2023-24.

Gettelman et al. 2024

The July 2021 floods in Germany and Belgium

Two days of extreme rain on 13-14 July 2021 sent the Ahr, Erft and Meuse rivers through towns in western Germany and eastern Belgium, killing at least 184 people in Germany and 38 in Belgium. At close to €50 billion it is Europe's costliest weather disaster since 1980, and attribution scientists found climate change made the rainfall 1.2 to 9 times more likely.

World Weather Attribution, Copernicus

Europe's drought and heat of 2022

In 2022 Europe had its worst drought in at least 500 years, on the European Commission's preliminary analysis, alongside record summer heat that killed an estimated 61,672 people between late May and early September - most of them in Italy (18,010), Spain (11,324) and Germany (8,173).

Ballester et al. 2023, CNBC / EU Joint Research Centre

2023-24 El Niño

A strong El Niño arriving on top of long-term greenhouse warming, with the cut in shipping sulphur from the 2020 fuel rule adding a little more. Together they produced the record global temperatures of 2023 and 2024.

ONI +2.0°C · RONI +1.4°C

NOAA CPCENSO Tracker