4 Billion Years On

Climate Science for Students & Teachers

Education

All data on this site is free, live and citable. Every chart draws directly from peer-reviewed scientific datasets - Berkeley Earth, NOAA, NASA, NSIDC, EM-DAT and more. The pages below are mapped to UK GCSE and A-level Geography, IB Environmental Systems & Societies, and AP Environmental Science.

GCSE GeographyA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science

Content by Topic

Content

Climate Change Explained

Plain-English guide to the greenhouse effect, feedback loops, tipping points and the Paris Agreement. The best starting point for any student.

FoundationGCSE GeographyA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science
Greenhouse Gases

Atmospheric CO₂, methane and N₂O from ice-core records through to today. Covers the chemistry and sources of each gas.

FoundationGCSE GeographyA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science
Extreme Weather

Live disaster alerts and 60-year EM-DAT trends for floods, wildfires, droughts, cyclones and heatwaves. Excellent for hazard case studies.

FoundationGCSE GeographyA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science
CO₂ Emissions

Country-level annual emissions, per-capita rankings and cumulative historical totals. Essential for responsibility and policy discussions.

FoundationGCSE GeographyA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science
Global Climate Update

Live whole-planet temperature anomalies, CO₂ concentration, sea ice and ENSO state in one dashboard. Ideal for illustrating current conditions.

IntermediateGCSE GeographyA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science
Planetary Boundaries

The nine Earth-system thresholds defining a safe operating space for humanity. A core framework in IB ESS and A-level.

IntermediateA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science
Sea Levels & Ice

Ocean heat content, sea level rise and Arctic / Antarctic ice extent with long-term charts. Key data for coastal and cryosphere topics.

IntermediateGCSE GeographyA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science
ENSO Tracker

El Niño and La Niña - live state, NOAA forecast and global impacts on rainfall, droughts and temperatures. Covers ocean-atmosphere coupling.

IntermediateA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science
Shifting Seasons

How climate change is moving spring and autumn timing worldwide. Real phenology data ideal for ecosystem and biosphere topics.

IntermediateA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science
4byo Climate Helix

Year-on-year temperature spiral for the globe and 160+ countries and regions. Makes the long-term warming trend visually unmistakable - excellent for presentations and coursework.

IntermediateGCSE GeographyA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science
4byo Climate Symphony

ENSO, NAO, polar vortex and CO₂ compounded in one interactive stack with live data and a 9-season forecast. Shows how climate drivers interact and amplify each other.

AdvancedA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science
Methodology & Sources

Full data source inventory, baseline methodology and citation guidance. Use this page when referencing the site in coursework.

AdvancedA-level GeographyIB ESSAP Env. Science

By Curriculum

UK GCSE Geography (AQA / OCR / Edexcel)GCSE Geography

UK A-level Geography (AQA / OCR / Edexcel)A-level Geography

IB Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS)IB ESS

AP Environmental Science (College Board)AP Env. Science

Citation Guide

How to Cite this Website

Use the page title shown in your browser tab, the year of your visit (since data updates automatically each month), and the canonical URL. The Methodology & Sources page lists every underlying dataset and is the correct reference for the primary data sources.

APA (7th ed.)
4 Billion Years On. (2025). Climate Change Explained. https://4billionyearson.org/climate-explained
Replace page title and URL for each page you cite.
MLA (9th ed.)
"Climate Change Explained." 4 Billion Years On, 4billionyearson.org/climate-explained. Accessed 16 June 2025.
Update the access date - data refreshes automatically each month.
Harvard
4 Billion Years On (2025) Climate Change Explained. Available at: https://4billionyearson.org/climate-explained (Accessed: 16 June 2025).
Include the access date as values update automatically.

All data originates from primary scientific sources (NOAA, NASA, Berkeley Earth, NSIDC, EM-DAT, AGAGE, Scripps Institution of Oceanography). For primary citations always link to the original dataset - links are provided at the bottom of each page.